Trip 7: CHINA HOLIDAY in 2011 … Peking Opera

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Peking opera
Peking opera in Shanghai, 2014
EtymologyFrom Peking, the postal romanization of Beijing
Other namesBeijing opera, Pekingese opera, Jing opera, Jingju, Jingxi, Guoju
Stylistic originsHui opera, Kunqu, Qinqiang, Han opera
Peking opera
“Peking Opera” in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
Literal meaningCapital drama
Transcriptions
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
Literal meaningCapital play
Transcriptions
Second alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
Literal meaningNational drama
Transcriptions
Former name (mainly used 19th century)
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
Transcriptions
Former name (mainly used 1927–1949)
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
Literal meaningBeiping‘s drama
Transcriptions

Peking opera, or Beijing opera, is the most dominant form of Chinese opera, which combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance and acrobatics. It arose in Beijing in the mid-Qing dynasty (1644–1912) and became fully developed and recognized by the mid-19th century.[1] The form was extremely popular in the Qing court and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China.[2] Major performance troupes are based in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai.[3] The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is also known as Guójù, lit. ‘National opera’). It has also spread to other regions such as the United States and Japan.[4]

Peking opera features four main role types, sheng (gentlemen), dan (women), jing (rough men), and chou (clowns). Performing troupes often have several of each variety, as well as numerous secondary and tertiary performers. With their elaborate and colorful costumes, performers are the only focal points on Peking opera’s characteristically sparse stage. They use the skills of speech, song, dance and combat in movements that are symbolic and suggestive, rather than realistic. Above all else, the skill of performers is evaluated according to the beauty of their movements. Performers also adhere to a variety of stylistic conventions that help audiences navigate the plot of the production.[5] The layers of meaning within each movement must be expressed in time with music. The music of Peking opera can be divided into the xīpí. Melodies include arias, fixed-tune melodies and percussion patterns.[6] The repertoire of Peking opera includes over 1,400 works, which are based on Chinese history, folklore and, increasingly, contemporary life.[7]

Traditional Peking opera was denounced as “feudalistic” and “bourgeois” during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) and replaced mostly with the revolutionary operas until the period’s end.[8] After the Cultural Revolution, these transformations were largely undone. In recent years, Peking opera has responded to sagging audience numbers by attempting reforms, including improving performance quality, adapting new performance elements, shortening works, and performing new and original plays.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________